There are a number of features that are making The Food Revolution
so popular, provocative, and useful.
One of these is the presentation of essential facts in a series of "What
We Know" indexes that provide instant and user-friendly access to critical
information.
Another is the series of "IS THAT SO?" features where agribusiness
representatives' own words are juxtaposed immediately alongside quotes from
more objective sources.
Here, then, are a few examples of these features, excerpted from The Food Revolution.
FACTS & QUOTES EXCERPTED FROM
THE FOOD REVOLUTION
By John Robbins
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IS THAT SO? "Studies indicate that vegetarians often have lower morbidity and mortality rates… Not only is mortality from coronary artery disease lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians, but vegetarian diets have also been successful in arresting coronary artery disease. Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for…obesity, coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer." - American Dietetic Association Position Paper on Vegetarian Diets |
WHAT WE KNOW
Drop in heart disease risk for every 1 percent decrease in blood cholesterol:
3-4 percent
Blood cholesterol levels of vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians: 14 percent
lower
Risk of death from heart disease for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians:
Half
Blood cholesterol levels of vegans (vegetarians who eat no meat, eggs, or dairy
products) compared to non-vegetarians: 35 percent lower
|
IS THAT SO? "Vegetarians have the best diet; they have the lowest rates of coronary heart disease of any group in the country." -William Castelli, M.D., Director, Framingham Health Study, the longest running study of diet and heart disease in world medical history |
WHAT WE KNOW
Intake of cholesterol for non-vegetarians: 300-500 milligrams/day
Intake of cholesterol for lacto-ovo vegetarians: 150-300 milligrams/day
Intake of cholesterol for vegans: Zero
*******
Average cholesterol level in the United States: 210
Average cholesterol level of U.S. vegetarians: 161
Average cholesterol level of U.S. vegans: 133
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IS THAT SO? "In regions where . . . meat is scarce, cardiovascular disease is unknown." -Time magazine "[Advocates of plant-based diets] lack a firm scientific basis. . . . No study . . . has demonstrated that changing diet prevents coronary artery disease." -Dairy Bureau of Canada "A large and convincing body of evidence from studies in humans . . . shows that diets low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol are associated with low risks and rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease." -U.S. National Research Council, in "Diet and Health, Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk" |
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IS THAT SO? "Now some people scoff at vegetarians, but they have only 40 percent of our cancer rate. They outlive us. On average they outlive other men by about six years now." -William Castelli, M.D., Director, Framingham Heart Study; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute |
WHAT WE KNOW
Death rate from breast cancer in the United States: 22.4 (per 100,000)
Death rate from breast cancer in Japan: 6.3 (per 100,000)
Death rate from breast cancer in China: 4.6 (per 100,000)
Primary reasons for difference: People in China and Japan eat more fruits and
vegetables and less animal products, weigh less, drink less alcohol, and get
more exercise than people in the United States
*******
Breast cancer rate for women in Italy who eat a lot of animal products compared
to women in Italy who don't: 3 times greater
Breast cancer rate for women in Uruguay who eat meat often compared to women
in Uruguay who rarely or never eat meat: 4.2 times greater
Breast cancer rate for affluent Japanese women who eat meat daily compared to
poorer Japanese women who rarely or never eat meat: 8.5 times greater
*******
Impact on breast cancer risk for adult women who are 45 pounds overweight: Double
*******
American women who are aware that there are any dietary steps they can take
to lower their chances of developing breast cancer: 23 percent
American women with less than high school educations who are aware that there
are any dietary steps they can take to lower their risk of developing breast
cancer: 3 percent
American women who believe that mammograms prevent breast cancer: 37 percent
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IS THAT SO? "If you step back and look at the data [on beef and cancer], the optimum amount of red meat you eat should be zero." -Walter Willett, M.D., Chairman of the Nutrition Department, Harvard School of Public Health, and director of a study of 88,000 American nurses that analyzed the link between diet and colon cancer |
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of lives lost to colon cancer each year in the United States: 55,000
Risk of colon cancer for women who eat red meat daily compared to those who
eat it less than once a month: 250 percent greater
Risk of colon cancer for people who eat red meat once a week compared to those
who abstain: 38 percent greater
Risk of colon cancer for people who eat poultry or fish once a week compared
to those who abstain: 55 percent greater
Risk of colon cancer for people who eat poultry or fish four times a week compared
to those who abstain: 200 percent greater
Risk of colon cancer for people who eat beans, peas, or lentils at least twice
a week compared to people who avoid these foods: 50 percent lower
Impact on risk for colon cancer when diets are rich in the B-vitamin folic acid:
75 percent lower
Primary food sources of folic acid: Dark green leafy vegetables, beans, and
peas
*******
Ratio of colon cancer rates for white South Africans compared to black South
Africans: 17 to 1
Explanation for this vast discrepancy (according to the American Journal of
Gastroenterology): South African blacks are protected from colon cancer by the
absence of animal fat and animal protein, and by the resulting differences in
bacterial fermentation
Americans who are aware that eating less meat reduces colon cancer risk: 2 percent
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IS THAT SO? "Five to ten percent of all cancers are caused by inherited genetic mutations. By contrast, 70 to 80 percent have been linked to [diet and other] behavioral factors." -Karen Emmons, M.D., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston "If a person accepts the theory that a low-fat diet will help prevent cancer, beef should probably be in that person's diet, because modern beef is lower in fat and calories." -National Cattlemen's Association "The beef industry has contributed to more deaths than all the wars of this century, all natural disasters, and all automobile accidents combined. If beef is your idea of "real food for real people," you'd better live real close to a real good hospital." - Neal Barnard, M.D., President, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine |
WHAT WE KNOW
Americans killed annually by diseases due to excess weight: 280,000
Increased risk of heart disease for obese people: Double to triple
Increased risk of diabetes for very obese people: 40 times greater
Increased risk of gallstones for obese people: Double to triple
Increased risk of colon cancer for obese people: Triple to quadruple
*******
Obesity rate among the general U.S. population: 18 percent
Obesity rate among vegetarians: 6 percent
Obesity rate among vegans: 2 percent
Average weight of vegan adults compared to non-vegetarian adults: 10-20 pounds
lighter
*******
U.S. children who are overweight or obese: 25 percent
U.S. vegetarian children who are overweight or obese: 8 percent
U.S. children who eat the recommended levels of fruits, vegetables, and grains:
1 percent
U.S. vegan children who eat the recommended levels of fruits, vegetables, and
grains: 50 percent
*******
Fat in a single foil-packaged restaurant serving of butter: 6 grams
Fat in a Burger King Whopper: 40 grams
Fat in a Double Whopper with cheese: 67 grams
Fat in the average veggie burger found in U.S. supermarkets and natural food
stores: 3 grams
WHAT WE KNOW
World champion vegetarian athletes (to name just a few):
Ridgely Abele, winner of 8 national championships in karate
Surya Bonaly, Olympic figure skating champion
Peter Burwash, Davis Cup winner and professional tennis star
Andreas Cahling, Swedish champion body builder, Olympic gold medallist in the
ski jump
Chris Campbell, Olympic wrestling champion
Keith Holmes, world-champion middle-weight boxer
Desmond Howard, professional football star, Heisman trophy winner
Peter Hussing, European super heavy-weight boxing champion
Billie Jean King, champion tennis player
Sixto Linares, world record holder, 24-hour triathlon
Cheryl Marek and Estelle Gray, world record holders, cross-country tandem cycling
Ingra Manecki, world champion discus thrower
Bill Manetti, power-lifting champion
Dan Millman, world champion gymnast
Edwin Moses, Olympic gold medallist and world record holder, 400-meter hurdles
Martina Navratilova, champion tennis player
Paavo Nurmi, long-distance runner, winner of 9 Olympic medals and 20 world records
Robert Parish, professional basketball star
Bill Pearl, four-time Mr. Universe
Bill Pickering, world record holding swimmer
Stan Price, world weight-lifting record holder, bench press
Murray Rose, swimmer, winner of many Olympic gold medals and world records
Dave Scott, six-time winner of the Ironman triathlon
Bill Walton, professional basketball star
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IS THAT SO? "When you see the Golden Arches, you're probably on the road to the pearly gates." -William Castelli, M.D., Director, Framingham Health Study; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
WHAT WE KNOW
Annual medical costs in the United States directly attributable to smoking:
$65 billion
Annual medical costs in the United States directly attributable to meat consumption:
$60-$120 billion
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IS THAT SO? "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet." -Albert Einstein |
WHAT WE KNOW
Percentage of nutrients lost when whole wheat flour is refined into white flour:
Protein 25 percent
Fiber 95 percent
Calcium, Ca 56 percent
Iron, Fe 84 percent
Phosphorus, P 69 percent
Potassium, K 74 percent
Zinc, Zn 76 percent
Copper, Cu 62 percent
Manganese, Mn 82 percent
Selenium, Se 52 percent
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) 73 percent
Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) 81 percent
Niacin (Vitamin B-3) 80 percent
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B-5) 56 percent
Vitamin B-6 87 percent
Folate 59 percent
Vitamin E 95 percent
Of the 25 nutrients that are removed when whole wheat flour is milled into white
flour, number of nutrients that are chemically replaced (enriched): 5
*******
Percentage of total dietary energy in most traditional diets, worldwide, historically
accounted for by whole grains: 75-80 percent
Percentage of total dietary energy in Standard American Diet accounted for by
whole grains: 1 percent
WHAT WE KNOW
Amount of minerals in organic food compared to conventional food:
Calcium: 63 percent higher
Chromium: 78 percent higher
Iodine: 73 percent higher
Iron: 59 percent higher
Magnesium: 138 percent higher
Potassium: 125 percent higher
Selenium: 390 percent higher
Zinc: 60 percent higher
WHAT WE KNOW
Lactose intolerance among adults of Asian descent: 90-100 percent
Among Native Americans: 95 percent
Among people of African descent: 65-70 percent
Among people of Italian descent: 65-70 percent
Among people of Hispanic descent: 50-60 percent
Among people of Caucasian descent: 10 percent
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IS THAT SO? "Beyond weaning age, children and adults of various countries and food cultures subsist on diets differing markedly in their calcium content. These differences in calcium intake . . . have not been demonstrated to have any consequences for nutritional health." -Health Canada's Nutrition Recommendations |
WHAT WE KNOW
Countries with the highest consumption of dairy products: Finland, Sweden, United
States, England
Countries with the highest rates of osteoporosis: Finland, Sweden, United States,
England
*******
Daily calcium intake for African Americans: More than 1,000 mg
Daily calcium intake for black South Africans: 196 mg
Hip fracture rate for African Americans compared to black South Africans: 9
times greater
*******
Calcium intake in rural China: One-half that of people in the United States
Bone fracture rate in rural China: One-fifth that of people in the United States
*******
Foods that when eaten produce the most calcium loss through urinary excretion:
Animal protein and coffee
Amount of calcium lost in the urine of a woman after eating a hamburger: 28
milligrams
Amount of calcium lost in the urine of a woman after drinking a cup of coffee:
2 milligrams
WHAT WE KNOW
Calcium absorption rates (according to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition):
Brussels sprouts 63.8 percent
Mustard greens 57.8 percent
Broccoli 52.6 percent
Turnip greens 51.6 percent
Kale 50 percent
Cow's milk 32 percent
WHAT WE KNOW
Primary source of E. coli 0157:H7 infections: Hamburgers and other forms of
ground beef
Potential consequence of ingestion of deadly E. coli 0157:H7 bacteria in humans:
Devastating illness with multiple organ failure and high death rate
Long-term afflictions suffered by many survivors of E. coli 0157:H7 poisoning:
Epilepsy, blindness, lung damage, kidney failure
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IS THAT SO? "A report by the United States Department of Agriculture estimates that 89 percent of U.S. beef ground into patties contains traces of the deadly E. coli strain." -Reuters News Service |
WHAT WE KNOW
Leading cause of food-borne illness in the United States: Campylobacter
People in the United States who become ill with Campylobacter poisoning every
day: More than 5,000
Annual Campylobacter-related fatalities in the United States: More than 750
Primary source of Campylobacter bacteria: Contaminated chicken flesh
American chickens sufficiently contaminated with Campylobacter to cause illness:
70 percent
American turkeys sufficiently contaminated with Campylobacter to cause illness:
90 percent
*******
Number of hens in three flocks screened for Campylobacter by University of Wisconsin
researchers: 2,300
Number of hens that were not infected with Campylobacter: 8
WHAT WE KNOW
Americans sickened from eating Salmonella-tainted eggs every year: More than
650,000
Americans killed from eating Salmonella-tainted eggs every year: 600
Increase in Salmonella poisoning from raw or undercooked eggs between 1976 and
1986: 600 percent
Year the FDA designated the egg as a hazardous food under its model food codes:
1990
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IS THAT SO? "Year after year the egg industry goes to [Congress] to try to turn back public health improvements. Eggs remain at the top of the list of foods that are causing food-borne outbreaks." -Center for Science in the Public Interest |
WHAT WE KNOW
Annual Salmonella cases in Sweden: 800
Annual Salmonella cases in the United States: More than 1 million
*******
Chickens infected with Campylobacter in Norway: 10 percent
Chickens infected with Campylobacter in the United States: 70 percent
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IS THAT SO? "Nearly every food consumers buy in supermarkets and order in restaurants can be eaten with certainty for its safety-except for meat and poultry products." -Steve Bjerklie, Executive Editor, Meat Processing magazine |
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IS THAT SO? "(The meat industry says) HACCP is the best thing since apple pie and Chevrolet . . . but the inspectors are reporting back that HACCP is a joke. . . . The agency is giving away the shop. . . . They have handcuffed the inspectors. . . . Under HACCP today, inspectors are no longer inspecting. Industry is inspecting itself; inspectors are basically doing paperwork. . . . As an analogy, imagine that as a driver you must write yourself a ticket every time you exceed the speed limit because you're breaking the law. Some plants cheat; others won't cheat until they're forced to in a competitive environment. . . . The labels are misleading the public. The label should declare that the product has been contaminated with fecal material. . . . When I started as a (meat) inspector, I looked at 13 animals a minute. Today, nationwide, line speeds are up to 140 to 160 carcasses per minute. It's not humanly possible for meat inspectors to do what they're required to do, which is to protect the consumer." -Delmer Jones, President of the U.S. Meat Inspection Union |
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IS THAT SO? "U.S. society is extremely naïve about the nature of [animal] agricultural production. . . . In fact, if the public knew more about the way in which agricultural animal production infringes on animal welfare, the outcry would be louder. . . . If the public knew, for instance, that some swine [pigs] raised in total confinement literally never see the light of day, it would be more, not less, hostile to current agriculture." -Bernard Rollin, Colorado State University expert on animal farming, author of more than 150 papers and 10 books on ethics and animal science |
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IS THAT SO? "Agribusiness companies tell us that animals in factory farms are 'as well cared for as their own pet dog or cat.' Nothing could be further from the truth. The life of an animal in a factory farm is characterized by acute deprivation, stress, and disease. Hundreds of millions of animals are forced to live in cages or crates just barely larger than their own bodies. While one species may be caged alone without any social contact, another species may be crowded so tightly together that they fall prey to stress-induced cannibalism. Cannibalism is particularly prevalent in the cramped confinement of hogs and laying hens. Unable to groom, stretch their legs, or even turn around, the victims of factory farms exist in a relentless state of distress." -Humane Farming Association |
WHAT WE KNOW
Length of time that baby calves will suckle from their mothers in a natural
situation: 8 months
Age at which U.S. dairy calves are routinely taken from their mothers and transported
to veal stalls: Less than 24 hours
U.S. dairy calves taken from their mothers within 24 hours of birth: 90 percent
*******
Year Diet for a New America was published, with its exposé of veal calf
treatment: 1987
Years the Humane Farming Association and the Humane Society of the United States
launched anti-veal campaigns, respectively: 1986 and 1987
Veal calves raised in the United States in 1987: 3.2 million
Veal calves raised in the United States in 1999: 1.2 million
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IS THAT SO? "One of the best things modern animal agriculture has going for it is that most people . . . haven't a clue how animals are raised and processed. . . . If most urban meat-eaters were to visit an industrial broiler house, to see how the birds are raised, and could see the birds being 'harvested' and then being 'processed' in a poultry processing plant, some, perhaps many of them, would swear off eating chicken and perhaps all meat. For modern animal agriculture, the less the consumer knows about what's happening before the meat hits the plate, the better." -Peter R. Cheeke, Professor of Animal Science, Oregon State University; Editorial Board Member, Journal of Animal Science |
WHAT WE KNOW
Mass of breast tissue of eight-week old chicken today compared with 25 years
ago: 7 times greater
Broilers chickens that are so obese by the age of 6 weeks that they can no longer
walk: 90 percent
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IS THAT SO? "PETA recently obtained undercover videotape of a North Carolina hog factory. The videotape depicts sows being beaten into and out of their crates with metal rods, disabled sows being kicked, stomped on, and dragged, sows killed by blows to the head with wrenches and cinder blocks, sows having their throats cut while still fully conscious, and sows being skinned alive and having their legs removed while still alive and moaning. . . . Because 'product uniformity' takes precedence over all else, thousands of pigs that don't make weight are killed. These animals are picked up by the hind legs and bashed head first into the concrete floor. Some companies call the process 'thumping.' Smithfield Farms (the nation's largest hog producer) calls it 'PACing'-the company's acronym for 'Pound Against Concrete.' . . . The dead pigs are delivered to rendering plants, where they are ground up and fed back to live pigs, cattle, and other animals." (Humane Farming Association) |
WHAT WE KNOW
U.S. pigs raised for meat: 90 million
U.S. pigs raised in total confinement factories where they never see the light
of day until being trucked to slaughter: 65 million
British pigs raised in total confinement factories: None
Reason: The practice is banned by the Pig Husbandry Law of 1991
U.S. pigs who have pneumonia at time of slaughter: 70 percent
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IS THAT SO? "Cattle feed now contains things like chicken manure and dead cats." -U.S. News and World Report, 1997 |
WHAT WE KNOW
U.S. poultry production controlled by the eight largest chicken processors in
1978: 25.3 percent
In 1998: 61.5 percent
*******
Net worth of chicken producer Donald Tyson: $1.2 billion
Average hourly wage of Tyson poultry processing plant worker: $5.27
Only entities producing more chicken than Tyson Foods: The countries of China
and Brazil
*******
U.S. turkey market controlled by the six largest processors: 50 percent
U.S. beef market controlled by the four largest beef-packers: 81 percent
U.S. hog slaughter controlled by four corporations: 50 percent
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of cows and calves slaughtered every 24 hours in the United States: 90,000
Number of chickens slaughtered every minute in the United States: 14,000
Food animals (not counting fish and other aquatic creatures) slaughtered per
year in the United States: 10 billion
WHAT WE KNOW
Water required to produce 1 pound of U.S. beef, according to the National Cattlemen's
Beef Association: 441 gallons
Water required to produce 1 pound of U.S. beef, according to Dr. Georg Borgstrom,
Chairman of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department of the College of
Agriculture and Natural Resources at Michigan State University: 2,500 gallons
Water required to produce 1 pound of California beef, according to the Water
Education Foundation: 2,464 gallons
Water required to produce 1 pound of California foods, according to Soil and
Water specialists, University of California Agricultural Extension, working
with livestock farm advisors:
1 pound of lettuce: 23 gallons
1 pound of tomatoes: 23 gallons
1 pound of potatoes: 24 gallons
1 pound of wheat: 25 gallons
1 pound of carrots: 33 gallons
1 pound of apples: 49 gallons
1 pound of chicken: 815 gallons
1 pound of pork: 1,630 gallons
1 pound of beef: 5,214 gallons
WHAT WE KNOW
Gallons of oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez: 12 million
Gallons of animal waste spilled into the New River in North Carolina on June
21, 1995, when a "lagoon" holding 8 acres of hog excrement burst:
25 million
Fish killed as an immediate result: 10-14 million
Fish whose breeding area was decimated by this disaster: Half of all mid-east
coast fish species
Acres of coastal wetlands closed to shell fishing as a result: 364,000
*******
Amount of waste produced by North Carolina's 7 million factory-raised hogs (stored
in reeking, open cesspools) compared to the amount produced by the state's 6.5
million people: 4 to 1
Relative concentration of pathogens in hog waste compared to human sewage: 10
to 100 times greater
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IS THAT SO? "The contamination of the nations' waterways from [pork] manure run-off is extremely serious. Twenty tons of [pork and other] livestock manure are produced for every household in the country. We have strict laws governing the disposal of human waste, but the regulations are lax, or often nonexistent, for animal waste." -Union of Concerned Scientists |
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of poultry operations (according to the General Accounting Office) that
are of sufficient size to be required to obtain a discharge permit under the
Clean Water Act: About 2,000
Number (according to the General Accounting Office) that have actually done
so: 39
Number, of the 22 largest animal factories in Missouri that are required to
have valid operating discharge permits, that actually have them: 2
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IS THAT SO? "Although cattle grazing in the West has polluted more water, eroded more topsoil, killed more fish, displaced more wildlife, and destroyed more vegetation than any other land use, the American public pays ranchers to do it." -Ted Williams, environmental author |
WHAT WE KNOW
Amount paid by New Mexico Governor Bruce King in 1994 to graze his cattle on
17,372 acres of trust land: 65 cents/acre
Amount paid by New Mexico's 1994 candidate for land commissioner Stirling Spencer
to graze his cattle on 20,000 acres of trust land: 59 cents/acre
New Mexico trust land that is open to livestock grazing: 99 percent
Amount New Mexico's livestock ranchers do not pay in property tax, sales tax,
or other taxes due to special deductions and exemptions given to the cattle
industry: Billions of dollars annually
Number of states with higher taxes on the poor than New Mexico: 3
Number of states with a greater percentage of women living in poverty: 0
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IS THAT SO? "The impact of countless hooves and mouths over the years has done more to alter the type of vegetation and land forms of the West than all the water projects, strip mines, power plants, freeways, and subdivision development combined." -Philip Fradkin, in Audubon |
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IS THAT SO? "Most of the public lands in the West, and especially the Southwest, are what you might call 'cow burnt.' Almost anywhere and everywhere you go in the American West you find hordes of cows. . . . They are a pest and a plague. They pollute our springs and streams and rivers. They infest our canyons, valleys, meadows and forests. They graze off the native bluestems and grama and bunch grasses, leaving behind jungles of prickly pear. They trample down the native forbs and shrubs and cacti. They spread the exotic cheatgrass, the Russian thistle, and the crested wheat grass. Even when the cattle are not physically present, you see the dung and the flies and the mud and the dust and the general destruction. If you don't see it, you'll smell it. The whole American West stinks of cattle." -Edward Abbey, conservationist and author, in a speech before cattlemen at the University of Montana in 1985 |
WHAT WE KNOW
Economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1980: $2.8 billion
Average annual economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1980-1984:
$6.5 billion
Economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1985: $7.2 billion
Average annual economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1985-1989:
$9.2 billion
Economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1990: $18.0 billion
Average annual economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1990-1994:
$27.6 billion
Economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1995: $40.3 billion
Average annual economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1995-1999:
$58.5 billion
Economic losses from weather-related disasters, worldwide, 1999: $67.1 billion
(All figures in 1998 dollars)
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IS THAT SO? "Global warming has emerged as the most serious environmental threat of the 21st century. . . . Only by taking action now can we insure that future generations will not be put at risk." -Letter to the president from 49 Nobel Prize-winning scientists |
WHAT WE KNOW
Calories of fossil fuel expended to produce 1 calorie of protein from soybeans:
2
Calories of fossil fuel expended to produce 1 calorie of protein from corn or
wheat: 3
Calories of fossil fuel expended to produce 1 calorie of protein from beef:
78
Amount of greenhouse-warming carbon gas released by driving a typical American
car, in one day: 3 kilograms
Amount released by clearing and burning enough Costa Rican rainforest to produce
beef for one hamburger: 75 kilograms
|
IS THAT SO? "American feed (for livestock) takes so much energy to grow that it might as well be a petroleum byproduct." -Worldwatch Institute |
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IS THAT SO? "Livestock account for 15 percent to 20 percent of (overall) global methane emissions." -Worldwatch Institute |
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of species of birds in one square mile of Amazon rainforest: More than
exist in all of North America
Life forms destroyed in the production of each fast-food hamburger made from
rainforest beef: Members of 20 to 30 different plant species, 100 different
insect species, and dozens of bird, mammal, and reptile species
Length of time before the Indonesian forests, all 280 million acres of them,
would be completely gone if they were cleared to produce enough beef for Indonesians
to eat as much beef, per person, as the people of the United States do: 3.5
years
Length of time before the Costa Rican rainforest would be completely gone if
it were cleared to produce enough beef for the people of Costa Rica to eat as
much beef, per person, as the people of the United States eat: 1 year
What a hamburger produced by clearing forest in India would cost if the real
costs were included in the price rather than subsidized: $200
WHAT WE KNOW
World's mammalian species currently threatened with extinction: 25%
Leading cause of species in the tropical rainforests being threatened or eliminated:
Livestock grazing
Leading cause of species in the United States being threatened or eliminated
(according to the U.S. Congress General Accounting Office): Livestock grazing
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IS THAT SO? "Genetically engineered crops were created not because they're productive but because they're patentable. Their economic value is oriented not toward helping subsistence farmers to feed themselves but toward feeding more livestock for the already overfed rich." -Amory and Hunter Lovins, Founders of Rocky Mountain Institute, a resource policy center |
WHAT WE KNOW
Total global area planted in genetically engineered crops, 1995: Negligible
Total global area planted in genetically engineered crops, 1996: 4 million acres
Total global area planted in genetically engineered crops, 1997: 27 million
acres
Total global area planted in genetically engineered crops, 1998: 69 million
acres
Total global area planted in genetically engineered crops, 1999: 99 million
acres
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IS THAT SO? "I have a feeling that science has transgressed a barrier that should have remained inviolate. . . . You cannot recall a new form of life. . . . It will survive you and your children and your children's children. An irreversible attack on the biosphere is something so unheard of, so unthinkable in previous generations, that I only wish that mine had not been guilty of it." -Erwin Chargaff, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Columbia University, and discoverer of "Chargaff's Rules," the scientific foundation for the discovery of the DNA double helix |
|
IS THAT SO? "Ultimately, it is the food producer who is responsible for assuring safety." -FDA Federal Register, Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties |
REVERSING THE SPREAD OF HUNGER
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of underfed and malnourished people in the world: 1.2 billion
Number of overfed and malnourished people in the world: 1.2 billion
*******
Experiences shared by both the hungry and the overweight: High levels of sickness
and disability, shortened life expectancies, lower levels of productivity
*******
Children in Bangladesh who are so underfed and underweight that their health
is diminished: 56 percent
Adults in United States who are so overfed and overweight that their health
is diminished: 55 percent
WHAT WE KNOW
Cattle alive today on Earth: More than 1 billion
Weight of world's cattle compared to weight of world's people: Nearly double
Area of Earth's total land mass used as pasture for cattle and other livestock:
One-half
Grassland needed to support one cow under optimal conditions: 2.5 acres
Grassland needed to support cow under far more common marginal conditions: 50
acres
WHAT WE KNOW
U.S. corn eaten by people: 2 percent
U.S. corn eaten by livestock: 77 percent
U.S. farmland producing vegetables: 4 million acres
U.S. farmland producing hay for livestock: 56 million acres
*******
U.S. grain and cereals fed to livestock: 70 percent
Human beings who could be fed by the grain and soybeans eaten by U.S. livestock:
1,400,000,000
World's population living in the United States: 4 percent
World's beef eaten in the United States: 23 percent
|
IS THAT SO? "In a world where an estimated one in every six people goes hungry every day, the politics of meat consumption are increasingly heated, since meat production is an inefficient use of grain-the grain is used more efficiently when consumed directly by humans. Continued growth in meat output is dependent on feeding grains to animals, creating competition for grain between affluent meat eaters and the world's poor." -Worldwatch Institute |
WHAT WE KNOW
Amount of fish caught per person, worldwide, sold for human consumption in 1996:
16 kilograms
Amount of marine life that was hauled up with the fish and discarded, per person,
in 1996: 200 kilograms
Amount of world's fish catch fed to livestock: Half
WHAT WE KNOW
Number of people whose food energy needs can be met by the food produced on
2.5 acres of land:
If the land is producing cabbage: 23 people
If the land is producing potatoes: 22 people
If the land is producing rice: 19 people
If the land is producing corn: 17 people
If the land is producing wheat: 15 people
If the land is producing chicken 2 people
If the land is producing milk: 2 people
If the land is producing eggs: 1 person
If the land is producing beef: 1 person
*******
Grain needed to adequately feed every one of the people on the entire planet
who die of hunger and hunger-caused disease annually: 12 million tons
Amount Americans would have to reduce their beef consumption to save 12 millions
tons of grain: 10 percent
Myths and Facts about Beef Production, National Cattlemen's
Beef Association, displayed on the Web site of the National Cattlemen's Beef
Association in 2000.
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of the American Dietetic Association 1997;97:1317-21.
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A model for risk reduction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1991;91:447-53.
See also West RO, et al, "Diet and serum cholesterol levels: a comparison
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Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et al. Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians:
A model for risk reduction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1991;91:447-53.
See also Messina, MJ, Messina V. The Dietician's Guide to Vegetarian Diets.
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Myths and Facts About Beef Production: Diet and Health, National Cattlemen's
Beef Association, displayed on the web site of the National Cattlemen's Beef
Association in 2000.
Barnard, Neal, The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Company, Summertown
TN, 1990, 25-26.
Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To Vegetarian Diets:
Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996, 18.
Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To Vegetarian Diets:
Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996, 18.
Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To Vegetarian Diets:
Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996, 18.
McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton, New York
NY, 1996, 134.
McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton, New York
NY, 1996, 66-7; See also Fisher, M, et al, "The effect of vegetarian diets
on plasma lipid and platelet levels," Archives of Internal Medicine 1986;146:1193-97;
Sacks, FM, et al, "Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians . . . "
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McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton, New York
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on plasma lipid and platelet levels," Archives of Internal Medicine 1986;146:1193-97;
Sacks, FM, et al, "Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians . . . "
Journal of the American Medical Association 1985;254(10):1337-41
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National Cattlemen's Association "Fact Sheet" Retort to the PBS Documentary,
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Barnard, Neal, The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Company, Summertown
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American women, 1991-1995," Preventive Medicine 1997;26:109-13
Barnard, ND, et al, "Beliefs about dietary factors in breast cancer among
American women, 1991-1995," Preventive Medicine 1997;26:109-13
12 Myths About Beef: A dozen of the most popular misconceptions about America's
most popular meat, National Cattlemen's Association, American Angus Association,
West Salem OH, publication date unknown; distributed by the National Cattlemen's
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Singh, PN, et al, "Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk
population," American Journal of Epidemiology 1998;148:761-74
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low animal product consumption, not fiber," American Journal of Gastroenterology
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Quoted in "Behavior more key than genes in cancer," Reuters, Jan 21,
2000
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Nutrition, 2000
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Nutrition, 2000
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is low in people who do not eat meat," British Medical Journal 1996;313:816-17
Author's estimate after extensive consultation with physicians and dieticians
familiar with the vegan community
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Author's estimate based on lengthy discussions with many physicians and dieticians
familiar with the vegetarian and vegan community
Munoz, K, et al, "Food Intakes of U.S. Children and Adolescents Compared
with Recommendations," Pediatrics, Sept 1997, 323-29. See also, "Few
Young People Eat Wisely, Study Shows," Associated Press, New York Times,
Sept 3, 1997, A-12
Author's estimate based on lengthy discussions with many physicians and dieticians
familiar with the vegetarian and vegan community
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Burger King Corporation, "Nutritional Information," 2000
Burger King Corporation, "Nutritional Information"
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2000
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Based on USDA figures for nutrients contained in wheat flour (whole-grain) and
wheat flour (white, all-purpose, unenriched). See www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/contact.html.
Based on USDA figures for nutrients contained in wheat flour (whole-grain) and
wheat flour (white, all-purpose, unenriched). See www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/contact.html
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for Responsible Medicine's Summit on the Dietary Guidelines 2000, Georgetown
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